Third Term Lesson Note for Week Three
Class : JSS 1
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : Geometry (Plane Shapes)
Duration : 80 Minutes
Period : Double Period
Reference Book :
- New General Mathematics for Junior Secondary School, JSS 1.
- Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary School, JSS 1.
- Lagos State Unified schemes of work for Junior Secondary School, JSS 1 – 3.
- Online Resources
Instructional Material : The teacher makes use of the following materials : Chalk board instruments, cardboard, paper, scissors, mathematical sets, etc.
Learning Objectives : By the end of the lesson learners will be able to :
i. Identify, name and state the properties of common plane Shapes
ii. Distinguish between different types of triangles
iii. Construct plane Shapes by paper folding and using a pair of compasses.
iv. Identify by name the various parts of a circle
Content :
GEOMETRY (PLANE SHAPES AND THEIR PROPERTIES)
There are two types of plane Shapes. These are :
Regular plane shapes and
Irregular plane shapes.
The Regular Planes Shapes
These are the shapes formed by straight lines of known dimensions. Examples are triangles, squares, rectangle,
TRIANGLES: Triangle is a plane shape which is made up of three sides and three angles.
Types and Properties of Triangles
There are different types of triangles based on the properties they exhibit. We have equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle, scalene triangle, acute angle triangle, obtuse angle triangle, etc.
Equilateral Triangles
Triangles with all three sides equal in length and all three angles equal in magnitude, are called equilateral triangles. Since the angles in a triangle sum to 180° and the size of each angle is the same in an equilateral triangle, the angles are all 60°.
Isosceles Triangles
Isosceles triangles are triangles with two opposite sides equal in length and two opposite base angles are equal in magnitude.
Scalene Triangles
A scalene triangle is one which has no sides equal in length and no angles equal in magnitude.
Right-Angled Triangles
Right-angled triangles are triangles with one of their angles equal to 90° (i.e. a right angle).
QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilateral just means “four sides” (quad means four, lateral means side).A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is two-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join up), and has straight sides.
Types of Quadrilaterals
There are special types of quadrilateral:
Some types are also included in the definition of other types! For example a square, rhombus and rectangle are also parallelograms.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals are any four-sided figure, joined by four straight lines, that is, Quadrilaterals are four-sided polygons.
Properties of Quadrilaterals:
-Four sides.
-Four vertices (corners).
-Interior angles sum to 360°.
-Exterior angles sum to 360°.
Things to Know:
-Diagonals are line segments that join two opposite vertices (corners).
-Two sides are adjacent, if they share a common vertex.
-Two angles are adjacent, if they share a common side.
RECTANGLE
A closed planar quadrilateral with opposite sides of equal lengths and , and with four right angles. A square is a degenerate rectangle with . The area of the rectangle is and its polygon diagonals and are of length A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a right angle (90°). Also opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.
RECTANGLE
RHOMBUS
A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and all sides the same length, i.e., an equilateral parallelogram. The word rhomb is sometimes used instead of rhombus, and a rhombus is sometimes also called a diamond. A rhombus with is sometimes called a lozenge.
The polygon diagonals and of a rhombus are perpendicular and satisfy
(1)
THE RHOMBUS
A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length. Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In other words they “bisect” (cut in half) each other at right angles.
A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.
Rhombus
SQUARE
The term “square” can be used to mean either a square number (” is the square of “) or a geometric figure consisting of a convex quadrilateral with sides of equal length that are positioned at right angles to each other as illustrated above. In other words, a square is a regular polygon with four sides.
The perimeter of a square with side length is
and the Area is
(1)
(2) 
Square
THE PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite angles are equal (angles “a” are the same, and angles “b” are the same).
NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!
Parallelogram
Trapezium
Isosceles Trapezium
KITE
A planar convex quadrilateral consisting of two adjacent sides of length and the other two sides of length . The rhombus is a special case of the kite, and the lozenge is a special case of the rhombus. The area of a kite is given by
The Kite
It has two pairs of sides. Each pair is made up of adjacent sides (they meet) that are equal in length. The angles are equal where the pairs meet. Diagonals (dashed lines) meet at a right angle, and one of the diagonal bisects (cuts equally in half) the other.
IRREGULAR QUADRILATERALS
The only regular quadrilateral is a square. So all other quadrilaterals are irregular.
The “Family Tree” Chart
Quadrilateral definitions are inclusive.
Example: a square is also a rectangle.
So we include a square in the definition of a rectangle.
(We don’t say “Having all 90° angles makes it a rectangle except when all sides are equal then it is a square.”)
This may seem odd, as in daily life we think of a square as not being a rectangle … but in mathematics it is.
Using the chart below you can answer such questions as:
Is a Square a type of Rectangle? (Yes)
Is a Rectangle a type of Kite? (No)
Evaluation :
Write at least three properties each of the following shapes
ASSIGNMENT
1. Write at least three properties each of the following shapes
2. Make a square by folding and cutting a rectangular sheet of paper.
3. Make an isosceles triangle by folding and cutting a sheet of paper