2nd Term / Term 2
Week: Week 4
Class: Primary 5/ Basic 5/ Grade 5
Subject : Basic Science
Topic : The Human Body ( Joints and muscles)
Duration: 40 minute
Previous Knowledge : Learners have been taught, ‘ The human body: The skeletal system’.
Reference Materials : Smart Basic Science and Technology, Primary 5 Pupil’s Book, by Cambridge University Press.
Stan Basic Science and Technology for Primary Schools, Book 5, UBE Edition, by University Press Ltd., Ibadan.
Instructional Materials : Charts showing the human joints and muscles, Online resources
Behavioural Objectives: By the end of the lesson, learners will be able to :
i. define joint and identify the major joints in the body.
ii. describe the muscles and explain different types of muscles.
Content:
(A) The Human Joints
A joint is a place in the body where two or more bones meet. It is the joint in the body that makes movement of the body or part of the body possible. Examples of places where joints can be found in the body are neck, wrists, shoulders, waist, fingers, toes, knees and elbows.
Types of Joints
There are two types of joints in the body. These are: (a) Movable joints (b) Immovable or fixed joints
Movable or synovial joints: These joints are found where two bones need to move freely. These are places in the body where bones that meet together can still slide on each other. There are about 70 movable joints in the human body. Examples of movable joints in the body are:
i. Ball and socket joints: These are joints that allows a circular movement, or movement in all directions. They are found on the shoulder and hip of the body.
ii. Hinge joints: These are joints that allow movement in back and forth directions or to and fro. They are found on the toes, fingers, knees and elbows.
iii. Pivot joints: This is a joint that allows nodding of the head. It is found on the neck.
iv. Gliding joints: These are joints that are found on the wrists and ankles.
Immovable or fixed joints: These are joints where two or more bones are firmly fixed by ligaments. An example is the joint in the pelvic girdle, the skull.
(B) Muscles
Muscles are the fleshy part of the body that protect the bones. They make up about 40% of the human body weight. Muscle is the tissue that carries out the mechanical work of the body by bringing about movement of its various parts. It achieves movement by alternate contraction and relaxation.
Types of muscles
There are two types of muscles namely:
voluntary muscle and involuntary muscle
Voluntary muscles are the muscles we can control when we wish. They are found on the arm s and legs.
Involuntary muscles are the muscles we cannot control. They are found in the heart, walls of the alimentary canal and bladder.
Presentation Steps:
Step I: The teacher revises the previous topic with the learners.
Step II: He / She introduces the new topics to the learners by defining joints and muscles
Step III: He / She lists the types of joints, explains and give examples.
Step IV: The teacher lists the types of muscles, explains and give examples.
Evaluation: The teacher reviews the lesson, by asking the following questions :
1. Define joint. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Mention any four examples of places where joints can be found in the body: _____________________, _______________________, _____________________, _______________________.
3. How many types of joints do we have? ______
4. __________________ is the fleshy parts of the body attached to bones by tendons.
5. There are __________ types of muscles.
6. Mention the types of muscles.
Conclusion: At the end of the lesson, the learners were able to answer the questions correctly.
Assignment:
1.) Give one example of the part of the body where the following can be found.
i. Ball and socket joint: ________________________
ii. Hinge joint: _________________________
iii. Pivot joint: __________________________
2.) The muscles that cannot be controlled are called ___________________ muscles.
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